Riichiro Mizoguchi, Stefano Borgo and Yoshinobu Kitamura
Using three basic theories obtained int he FOIS community: Representation, Physical objects and Roles
Agreed thesis - money is something possessing:
- unit of economic value,
- exchangeability with commodities and
- storability.
He tries to respond the U. Maki's 12 core questions about money inthis work
Take John Searle's thesis: Money is an institutional status that is imposed on physical objects.
There is a serios criticism about this view: it doesnt apply to digital numbers ian a bank account. They seem to be non-physical and mre records to cash.
FOIS theory 01:
Monetary role: solial role in the context of an economic systems and it is characterized by : unit, exchangeability relation, storability quality and trust of a community.
Legitimate representing thing: medium enriched with form, a content and an encoding method.
Monetary ojbect (Currency)
Money is a (non-intrinsic) property of the owner of monetary objects
His model is composed of three layers: 1) representation layer, 2) role layer and 3) property layer
Money as quantity: use value vs. exchange value.
Answers to Maki's core questions:
Ontological Analysis of Malfunctions: Some Formal Considerations
Francesco Compagno and Stefano Borgo
Malfunction: if you have a theory of causation, it makes it much easier to define malfunction.
Literature (Rasmussen and Jensen 1974)
- Function-based failure
- Specification-based failure
- Material-based failure
According to Del Frate:
- faults are often said to be state (events) that are caused by a faiure (bring about a fault);
- failure modes are often describe either as specific parts of a causal chain (consequence of a cause and cause of an effect) at a specific granularity level, or as symptoms immediately perceivable of a malfunction;
- causes are either immediate causes, when they are superficial/apparent, or root causes, when they are deep/definitive/true.
This work is based on the Toyoshima's causal otnology (Toyoshima, Mizoguchi, ,and Ikeda 2019). to buiild a formal taxonomy of malgfucntion-related happenings.
Important to consider:
Greta Adamo, Anna Sperotto, Mattia Fumagalli, Alessandro Mosca, Tiago Prince Sales and Giancarlo Guizzardi
Motivation: Climate change is happening now. This impact human safety and health, besides the ecosystem. There is lack of knowledge in this area, specifically related to climate-related changes and extreme events.
There is a lot of impact of climate change and the extreme events affect the world in an uneven way. The scenario is very complex
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
- common sense form
- unclear semantics and ambiguous communication
- chanigng through years
- innefective for operational purpose (too theory-based)
Objective of the work: ontological clarification.
For that, this work adopts COVER - Common Ontology of Value and Risk.
She explained the main concepts in COVER. Definition
- hazard (i.e., a threat event) is a natural anthropogenic event that is likely to cause a loss event.
- exposure is a situation in which objects at risk valuable to agents might be negatively affected by the occruene of hazards
- vulnerability is a disposition whose manifestation constitutes a threat event or loss event. It may inhere in objects at risk or risk enablers.
Ontological unpacking (cont.):
- Value in IPCC is both a (UFO) belief and a (COVER) value.
Ontological unpacking (cont.2):
- extending the analysis, for example by considering dynamic interactions of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability under a risk progpagation lens.
- sharpening shcallenging notions, such as vulnerabiltiy and value;
- considering and comparing related notions, as resilience
- extension of cover for limate change risk
- modeling climaget change risk with stakeholders.
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